Oral Hygiene Poor oral health in dogs and cats can cause serious health problems in addition to painful tooth loss or gum disease.  The buildup of plaque and tartar in a pet’s mouth can cause periodontal disease, an infection that can spread through the bloodstream to the heart, liver and kidneys.  Symptoms of gum disease in dogs and cats include yellow and brown build-up of tartar along the gum line, inflamed gums and persistent bad breath.  An astounding 80% of dogs and 70% of cats show signs of oral disease by age three, according to the American Veterinary Dental Society.   Periodontal disease is a common problem in dogs, particularly smaller breeds.  Canine dentistry experts believe this is because small dogs’ teeth often are too large for their mouths, forcing the teeth closer together.  Bacteria, combined with saliva and food debris between the tooth and gum, can cause plaque formulations that accumulate on the tooth.  As bacteria grow in the plaque and as calcium salts are deposited, plaque turns to tartar.  If tartar is not removed from the teeth, pockets of pus may appear along the gum line and further separate the teeth from the gum, which allows more food and bacteria to accumulate.  Without proper treatment, this plaque and tartar buildup may cause periodontal disease, which affects the tissue and structure supporting the teeth.  Periodontitis is irreversible and may lead to other health problems.  Unlike the inflamed gums of gingivitis, which can be treated and reversed with thorough plaque removal and continued plaque control, periodontitis can only be contained to prevent progression.  The disease causes red, swollen and tender gums, receding gums, bleeding, pain and bad breath.  If left untreated, periodontitis can lead to tooth loss.  The infection caused by periodontal disease may enter the bloodstream, potentially infecting the heart, liver and kidneys.   Common indications of oral disease include bad breath, a change in eating or chewing habits, pawing at the face or mouth and depression.  If any of these signs are present, the pet should be taken to the veterinarian for a dental exam.   The first step in preventing oral disease is a routine physical examination including a dental exam.  Pet owners should practice a regular dental care regimen at home, which may include brushing the pet’s teeth with specially formulated toothpaste.  It is best to start early, but grown dogs and cats can learn to tolerate brushing.  Toothpaste for humans is not recommended because it may upset the pet’s stomach.